The men in hats can only look forward, but they cant see through the brick wall. Above you will notice the wall between A & B. They are all aware that each of them is wearing a hat. Two are wearing black hats and 2 are wearing white hats, but each individual doesn’t know what colour his own hat is. However they do all know where each of the men are buried.
In order to avoid being executed, one of them must call out to the executioner the color of their hat. If they get it wrong, everyone will be shot. They can’t talk to each other and have only 10 minutes to figure it out.
After 60 seconds, one of them calls out.
QUESTION: Which one of them calls out? How can he be certain he knows the color of his hat?
This is not a silly trick question.
There’s no outside influence and no other way of communicating.
They can’t move and are buried in a straight line; A and B can only see their respective sides of the wall, C can see B, and D can see B and C.
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Here’s the answer:
C calls out that he is wearing a black hat.
He’s 100% certain because D can’t answer, and neither can A or B.
D can see C and B, but can’t determine his own hat color. B can’t see anyone and also can’t determine his own hat color. A is in the same situation as B, where he can’t see anyone and can’t determine his own hat color.
Since A, B, and D are silent, that leaves C. C knows he is wearing a black hat because if D saw that both B and C weer wearing white hats, then he would have answered. But since D is silent, C knows that he must be wearing a black hat as he can see that B is wearing a white hat.